Repression of War Experience by Siegfried Sassoon Essay

The poem â€Å"Repression of War Experience,† by Siegfried Sassoon is a testament to the mental and emotional hardships faced by veterans of the First World War, and indeed- all wars. In this poem, Sassoon uses the narrative voice of a traumatized soldier who attempts to forget the horrors of the battlefield by taking comfort in everyday activities such as reading (‘Books: what a jolly company they are’) and distracting himself by focusing on familiar aspects of nature (the moth, a rain storm, and the garden outside his home). Unfortunately, none of these things bring him comfort and despite his distractions the narrator is still a highly disturbed and bitter man, alone and disconnected from the world, driven â€Å"stark, staring mad† by his experiences. Sassoon’s poem is both a startling view on the post-war reality faced by traumatized veterans, and a condemnation of the public for not providing more help and counseling for those returning from the Great War. Mental Cases, by Wilfred Owen   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Mental Cases† by Wilfred Owen presents a dark and tormented vision of the effect the traumas of World War I had on the soldiers that fought its battles. Owen uses a constant barrage of harsh adjectives to describe the inhabitants of a military hospital, â€Å"men whose minds the Dead have ravished.† It is an accusation against the rest of the world for allowing the war to happen, as Owen describes the broken patients â€Å"snatching after us who smote them† and â€Å"pawing us who dealt them war and madness.† According to Owen’s narrative voice, war is a senseless abomination of â€Å"carnage incomparable† and everyone that doesn’t take direct action to stop it actively plays a part in its propagation. Dead Man’s Dump, by Isaac Rosenberg Isaac Rosenberg’s â€Å"Dead Man’s Dump† is an account of the horrors of combat in No Man’s Land. His poem is rife with constant motion and chaos, coupled with descriptions of the rank death and decay of the battlefield- where rudimentary tanks can be seen crushing the bodies of dead soldiers, and bodies are left to rot in the sun. Rosenberg seeks to give the dead soldiers a personal voice, describing the tragedy of young soldiers that have barely tasted life meeting vicious ends that â€Å"drained the wild honey of their youth,† while another â€Å"choked soul stretched weak hands to reach the living.† The poet wishes to use his verse to bring the horrors of the battlefield itself to those sitting comfortably at home, disconnected from the conflict and yet entirely responsible for its tragedies. Works Cited Wilfred Owen: Collected Letters, ed. Harold Owen and John Bell (OUP, 1967) The Great War and Modern Memory, Paul Fussel (OUP, 1977) Poems of the First World War: ‘Never Such Innocence’, ed. Martin Stephen (Everyman, 1995) Siegfried Sassoon Diaries 1915-1918, ed. R Hart- Davis (Faber and Faber, 1983) The War Poets, Robert Giddings (Bloomsbury, 1990) God Made Blind: The Life and Work of Isaac Rosenberg, ed. Adrian Barlow (Cambridge   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   University Press, 1995) â€Å"Poetry and the Pity of War†, Randle Manwaring; Contemporary Review, Vol. 273, November   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1998   

Major Characteristics Of Qualitative Research Education Essay

Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction In this chapter, research worker will explicate in item on how the research will be conducted. This includes the research design chosen by the research worker, the research processs, sample choice, methods of garnering informations, and methods of informations analysis used. In explicating the methods and processs employed, the research worker besides explains the principle for taking the peculiar methods and processs conducted in this research. 3.1 Research Design Patton ( 1990 ) in Fraenkel and Wallen ( 2006 ) described one of the major features of qualitative research is design flexibleness where they suggested that a qualitative research should avoid from stick on a stiff designs or state of affairs so that the state of affairs can be understood in-depth. They besides recommended a qualitative research should prosecute new waies of find that suits with the research worker involvement. From his ain reading and sentiment, the research worker would wish to specify qualitative research as a type of scientific research. It is because ; by and large scientific research consists of a proper probe that seeks for replies to a inquiry consistently by uses a predefined set of processs. In order to reply the inquiries, research worker collects grounds and produces findings that were non determined in progress and that are applicable beyond the immediate boundaries of the survey. Therefore to transport out his research qualitatively, the research worker would wish to utilize instance survey as the method for the research worker to carry on this research. Case survey is one of methods to carry on qualitative research where Robert Stake ( 1997 ) defines a instance as a delimited system as it tells a narrative about a delimited system. A system refers to a set of interconnected elements that are wholesome while bounded outlines the boundary of the system ( Holmes et al, 2008 ) . However the research worker himself need to find the instance foremost and subsequently the research worker will uses assorted informations aggregation techniques such as interviews, observation through literature, and relevant documental analysis to transport out a holistic survey of the entity. By utilizing instance survey, the research worker will really try to look into the constituents or parts that make up the system to see how they operate. By refer to this research ; the research worker will look into the scientific discipline course of study of Steiner Waldorf instruction as he will compare the course of study with Malayan scientific discipline course of study. At one manus, the research worker will look at the of import constituents of course of study of both Malaysian and Steiner Waldorf instruction. On the other manus the research worker will compare both course of studies in order to look at the strength and the failings in Malayan scientific discipline course of study as compared to Steiner Waldorf ‘s. Hence, the research worker believes that the research worker will see the personal contact and penetration every bit good as holistic positions on both course of studies by utilizing instance survey and comparative analysis. 3.2 Research Methods Harmonizing to Fraenkel and Wallen ( 2006 ) qualitative research employed three chief techniques to roll up and analyse informations which are detecting people and schoolroom, questioning the topic every bit good as analysing paperss or other signifiers of communicating. Therefore for the informations aggregation the research worker employed the three different methods viz. observations, interviews, and papers analyses. By using more than one methods, the research worker believe it will assist to triangulate the informations, to supply multiple beginnings of grounds every bit good as to increase the cogency and dependability of the findings of this research. Below here are the accounts on each method: 3.2.1 Observations Observation fundamentally conducted in order to look into something that the research worker unfamiliar with. Because of that, certain sorts of research inquiries can best be answered by observation ( Fraenkel & A ; Wallen, 2006 ) . Harmonizing to Holmes et Al ( 2008 ) observation can be classified harmonizing to the function that the research worker plays. Fraenkel and Wallen ( 2006 ) suggested the same and as follow ; Participant Observation, the research workers really take part in the state of affairs or puting they are detecting and when the research worker takes on the function of a complete participant his individuality is non known to the other members of the group or another function that could be play by the research worker is every bit participant as perceiver. This is where the research worker participates wholly in the activities of the group being studied and on the same clip stating the group clearly that he is making research. Non-participant Observation, â€Å" sit on the out of boundss † where the research worker does non take part in the activity being observed or really he is indirectly involved with the state of affairs being observed. There two functions that the research worker could play. First every bit observer as participant where the research worker instantly identifies himself as research worker and do non hold to feign as a member of the peculiar group being studied. Second one ; the research worker could be complete perceiver which is wholly contradicted with complete participant. The presence of the research worker may or may non, recognize by the group because the research worker is really observes the activities without any purpose to take part. For this research, the observations carried out by the research worker were really used both types of observation. In one state of affairs the research worker plays his function every bit ‘participant as perceiver ‘ and in yet, another state of affairs, the function changed to observer as participant. The research worker adapted with the alteration of state of affairs where it involved clip and intent of the observation. For illustration when the research worker participated in the plans organized by the Steiner Waldorf section in Plymouth the research worker besides transporting out his observation and informed the member of the group that he was carried out observation for his research. However during his visit to the Steiner school in Plymouth, he was no longer participant as observer ; alternatively, he was observer as participant where he observed the instruction and acquisition procedure, status and environment of the school every bit good as the activities that the school had along that twenty-four hours. It was same with the observation carried out by the research worker in Malaysia. The research worker plays his function wholly every bit ‘observer as participant ‘ with the groups of pupils and instructors involved in this research. However when it involved with his personal experience as in-service instructor, he was really a complete participant, where he observed the phenomenon occurred in the group that he studied without stating them the existent state of affairs. But it was a really minor portion from the observations that the research worker carried out. 3.2.2 Interview Interview is a common tool normally used in qualitative research. It is used by research worker to cognize and understand people ‘s experiences and their interior perceptual experiences, attitudes, and feelings of world ( Zhang.Y, 2006 ) . By mentioning to its construction, interview can be divided into three classs: structured interview, semi-structured interview, and unstructured interview ( Fontana & A ; Frey, 2005 ) and as in Frankael and Wallen ( 2006 ) the unstructured interview term is used as informal interview. Structured interview is the interview that has a set of predefined inquiries and the inquiries asked to the respondent in the same mode. Structured interview is similar to study and questionnaire except that it is conducted verbally instead than in authorship. Semi-structured interview can outdo be described in footings of the flexibleness in the interview procedure. Just like structured interview, this type of interview consists of a series of inquiries which designed to arouse specific reply from respondent. However it normally more open-ended than inquiries in a structured interview but in the class of interview, interviewers has a flexibleness to set the sequence of the inquiries to be asked and add inquiries based on the context of the conversations. Informal interview as the term implies shows that the interview conducted is less formal as compared to structured or semi structured interview. It is besides similar to a insouciant conversation and fundamentally carried out to prosecute the involvements of both the research worker and the respondent in bend. This type of method is normally used in qualitative research. For this research, the research worker carried out the three types of interview. Informal interviews were used by the research worker at the initial portion of this research. The interviews were conducted on few instructors, talks and pupils in the efforts to happen out the job of Malayan scientific discipline course of study. During his visit to Plymouth, the method changed to semi structured interview as the research worker hoped to garner every bit much information as possible to derive some penetration about the Steiner instruction. The inquiries designed fundamentally to assist the research worker to acquire the intended reply from the respondents. Time is ever being the restriction of any research. Therefore when the research worker traveled back to Malaysia, the research worker still hopes that he could acquire more information about scientific discipline course of study from the Steiner instruction. Therefore he conducted email interview with few Steiner instructors, lectors and its ex-students. In the electronic mail the research worker explained briefly about research that he carry oning every bit good as direction how the respondent should reply the inquiries. The research worker classified the electronic mail interview method as structured interview in the sense that inquiries asked were fixed ( in term of figure ) and no farther probing were carried out. Email interviews conducted by the research worker as portion of ‘member cheque ‘ which is a term of method that usage in qualitative resear ch to verify what the research worker had understood based on the old interviews, observations and papers that he analyzed or as mean of formalizing via triangulation. 3.2.3 Document/Content Analysis It is a technique that allow the research worker to analyze human behaviour in an indirect manner such as through an analysis of human communicating, written content of communicating, text edition, essays, newspaper, diaries, magazines, articles and others ( Frankael & A ; Wallen, 2006 ) . Contented analysis besides has been defined as a research method for the subjective reading of the content of text informations through the systematic categorization procedure ( Hsieh & A ; Shannon, 2005 ) and besides as an attack of empirical, methodological controlled analysis of texts within their context of communicating ( Mayring, 2000 ) . Therefore in this research â€Å" papers † refers to written beginnings that the research worker have obtained from the online beginnings ( articles, studies and diaries ) and other written beginnings such as books that explain about Steiner and Malaysian scientific discipline course of study. The paperss gathered include official publications which discuss the purposes and aims of scientific discipline instruction and other facets of course of study such as execution, appraisal and the public presentation. These different paperss were analyzed and discussed in relation to the findings gathered through observations and interviews carried out by the research worker antecedently. 3.3 Research Procedures Since this is a comparative survey between 2 different course of studies, there are processs that need to be carried out by the research worker in two different states which is Malaysia and Britain. Therefore, the research worker will explicate the processs in figure of different phases as elaborate below ; Phase 1 To place the job about the Malayan scientific discipline course of study, the research worker had informal interviews with few senior instructors and talks with scientific discipline instruction background. Besides that the research worker besides conducted few informal interviews with pupils in mainstream scientific discipline category. The thought to compare the Malayan and Steiner scientific discipline course of study really came from co-workers who had general thought about the Steiner Waldorf instruction. Phase 2 ( Initial Study ) The research worker gathered information about Steiner instruction including the history, attacks and its course of study every bit good as read about the research conducted on Steiner instruction. At the same clip, the research worker besides contacted the Head of the Steiner Waldorf instruction in University of Plymouth and liaises with the Senior Tutor of the Industrial linkages of that university via electronic mail to set up resonance before the visit to Britain. Meantime, the Head of the Steiner Waldorf section helped the research worker to form Steiner and scientific discipline related plans for the research worker to go to during the visit and one of which is a visit to a Steiner school in Plymouth. Phase 3 Prior to carry oning this research in the UK, the research worker needed to obtain permissions from the undermentioned parties: The Dean of Faculty of Education of University Teknologi Mara ( UiTM ) to obtain permission to subject the proposal to the UiTM International Linkages Centre ( UiLC ) ; The Head of UiLC for the blessing of the fund needed by the research worker to carry on this survey in Britain ; The Vice Chancellor of UiTM to obtain the blessing for the research worker to carry on this survey in Britain ; and The Head of Steiner Waldorf Department in University of Plymouth for permission and to be involved in this research. Phase 4 When in the UK, information was gathered or obtained through changing beginnings and methods as highlighted aid earlier, viz. subsequent Joined a hebdomad plan organized by Steiner Waldorf Department in University of Plymouth. The plan besides involved a category of first twelvemonth pupils who making their Bachelor in Steiner Education ; Group interview with the few talks and pupils from the Steiner Waldorf Department ; Interview with the Head of Steiner Waldorf Department in University of Plymouth ; Educational visit to one Steiner school in Plymouth where interviews were carried out with a few instructors from different backgrounds ; Observation of one scientific discipline lesson ; and one practical or experiment session ; and Exchange of electronic mails with the few scientific discipline instructors, lectors and pupils who graduated from Steiner schools. Phase 5 Once the intended informations were obtained from the UK, this phase will more concentrating on informations analysis and to happen more grounds to farther support the earlier findings. Conducted email interview with few Steiner scientific discipline instructors, talks and ex-students. Making analysis on paperss about Steiner course of study specifically on scientific discipline. Conducted a group interview with pupils from 2 different schools in Petaling territory. Analyzed information gathered. 3.4 Sampling Scheme A sample in a research survey is the single or group on which information is obtained ( Fraenkel & A ; Wallen, 2006 ) . Another sentiment, a sample consists of a group of persons drawn from the population where the sample is really a fraction from the whole population ( Holmes et al, 2008 ) . A group of sample can be really little or possibly rather big depending on the figure of population as the sample drawn is really supposed to stand for the full population. There are two major types of trying which is chance trying and non-probability sampling. For this research, the research worker chose purposive sampling and convenience sampling when behavior this research. A convenience sample is group of persons who ( handily ) are available for survey while purposive sample is chose based on the research worker judgement where the sample is believed could give utile information for the research ( Fraenkel & A ; Wallen, 2006 ) . On the other positions, Holmes et Al ( 2008 ) in his book stated that purposive sampling is a manner where the research worker, in taking sample, considers the topics that belong to a specific group. Basically this method is appropriate for a subject that has non been studied much before while convenience sampling is a means perusal of whomever or whatever is available. In effort to analyze on Malayan and Steiner Waldorf ‘s scientific discipline course of study, the research worker was really blended the method in trying. Even though the sample might affect personal networking of the research worker, there were few facets that the research worker gave due consideration and judgement. That is why the research worker chose to utilize purposive and convenience sampling. In order to understand a phenomenon from position of participants, the research worker chose sample who gave more utile information. In add-on, the research worker besides look at the engagement, willingness and cooperation of the sample to involves with the research so that it will do much easier for the research worker. 3.5 Sample 3.5.1 Sample for Malayan Science Curriculum The samples that the research worker chose to garner utile information sing Malayan scientific discipline course of study can be divided into three classs, viz. as ; expert ( lector with scientific discipline instruction background ) , practician ( instructor ) and pupils. 3.5.2 Sample for Steiner Waldorf scientific discipline course of study The samples that the research worker chose to understand about Steiner Waldorf instruction and its scientific discipline course of study besides can be divided into three classs, viz. as ; expert ( lectors with Steiner instruction background and Steiner scientific discipline instruction background ) , practician ( instructor ) and pupils. 3.6 Data Analysis Data analysis is one of the of import parts in any research. It requires systematic processs to pull off the information gathered and the ability to analysis the informations critically and exhaustively. However, to transport out the analysis, research worker will utilize the research inquiries and research aims that constructed earlier as the usher. He believes that, it will assist the research worker to demo the right way of the geographic expedition of the informations. As the research worker employed observations, interviews and papers analysis as the methods to garner the informations, each method will undergo different degrees of analysis at one point and subsequently will be combined as a rich information that will be able to reply the research inquiries. Any notes that made by the research worker during his observations, informal interviews, transcript of email interviews, pictures recorded, diaries, and any publications related were organized consequently into its ain class. Next, the informations were analyzed in order for the research worker to look at any bing forms or subjects and assist the research worker to place basic characteristics of the information. This will assist the research worker to develop and document a database construction and on the same clip to depict about the informations extensively by utilizing qualitative package. The package will let the research worker to code, recover and analyse informations which could do the rich information become more organized and utile. 3.7 Drumhead The model of this research took topographic point within qualitative processs since the purpose of this research is compare the Malayan and Steiner Waldorf scientific discipline course of study. Interviews conducted with the instructors, talks and pupils from both systems every bit good as the observation that the research worker carried out in Malaysia and Britain were the chief research tools. The information gathered was supported by the analysis of paperss such as diaries, articles, official publications and several ministry paperss related to science instruction. The informations transcribed with the assistance of qualitative informations analysis package helped the research worker to come out with the findings of the research.

The Quality Drag on China's Car Industry Term Paper

The Quality Drag on China's Car Industry - Term Paper Example By providing the example of Hyundai, this article tries to establish the fact that the carmakers, especially the domestic Chinese carmakers, have no choice but to focus on quality in order to achieve sustainable success. Chinese automobile companies must shift their focus from higher market share to better quality by making significant investment in research and development for further improvement of quality of their cars. There are huge opportunities for these players to make improvement in the areas like handling, power train and ‘driving experience’. Having made all these points, one may ask if quality comes automatically by the mere fact that the need for quality is trumpeted to workers every now and then. The fact is that quality is earned and it must be earned methodologically. In most global jurisdictions as far as business is concerned, renowned companies and multinational corporations have relied on the basic principles of operations management to enforce and ensure quality among their workforce. It is not surprising therefore that in the article, the writer notes that â€Å"when the trade-off is between higher sales or greater profits, their instinct is to go for sales, often at the expense of profits† (Lubo, 2012). In the words of McNamara (2011), â€Å"operations management focuses on carefully managing the processes to produce and distribute products and services.† It basically entails the practice of using what you have to achieve what you want. The most important factor however is that in determining wha t you want to achieve, the needs and expectations of the customer must stand out (Dodge, 2005).

Family Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Family Law - Essay Example The treatment mentioned above includes any diagnostic procedures and anaesthetic administration ancillary to the main treatment. As per section 12 of the Act, an infant can also be described as a minor.2 However, this right of consent for children over 16 but below 18 is not absolute. As family law is of discretionary nature , all previously decided cases need not constitute precedents to be binding on judges who are expected to decide by giving weightage to cases independently for the unique factors surrounding them. It does not imply, however, that case law comprises of unconnected decisions since judges functioning with wide discretion develop particular â€Å"patterns, rules of thumb and general principles.† Therefore, there are limits within which judges can firm up their discretion. Thus when there is no guidance from the legislature, courts have assumed to act giving due regard to â€Å"fair outcome and â€Å"best interests of the child.3 Courts also draw guidance fro m the international treaties even though some of them may not have been adopted in domestic law. Thus, the U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 (UNRC) which the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) also consults for interpretation of article 8 of the ECHR.4 that governs the rights of children. Parekh5 points out that law relating to the child’s consent is not yet clear as far as â€Å"best interests of the child† is concerned. He quotes the authors Kennedy and Grub 6 as having classified the child development into three stages of early childhood, Gillick competent child and the child of 16-18 years of age. Consent by children under 16 years of age is not clear as it is governed by the common law. Consent is valid one only if given by persons having capacity to decide. Hence, during the first stage of development of childhood, parent alone can consent for medical or surgical treatment. In the second stage of Gillick competent child which case will be

Quarantine and Societal Fears Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Quarantine and Societal Fears - Essay Example The essay "Quarantine and Societal Fears" describes the plot of an American horror film "Quarantine" released in 2008. The paper analyses the film contexts and all the known facts about this it to find out the purpose of the film and the reason this film is placed in the horror genre. The plot of the film centers around a news anchor and her cameraman, who are shadowing two firemen for their night piece. The team gets called out to an apartment building because the apartment manager reported hearing screams from the building. From here, it is evident that many of the residents of the building have rabies-like symptoms such as ‘fever’ and a change in the eyes, as evidenced by the question 'What happened to her eyes?'. The overall argument of the film is that an outbreak of a deadly disease is always a possibility within society. There are many different contexts in which the film Quarantine can be placed which help to explain why "Quarantine" is placed in the horror genre. Biological warfare is an imminent threat and one of the most terrifying of all weapons. One of the main reasons biological warfare haunts the minds of many is that it may lead to a slow and painful death and that if the condition it causes is incurable, the outbreak may be impossible to stop. Infectious disease is no longer the biggest killer in the Western world, and this perhaps is what makes it so terrifying. The film also plays on many other common types of fear, such as being isolated from society, old or 'spooky' buildings, the dark and having a lack of information.

Art Humanities class Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Art Humanities class - Assignment Example Apparently, one location shows the connection of the statue with the government and the power that it wishes to convey. In addition, the author performs visual analysis through taking photographs of the statue and commenting on its physical structure and movement, as well as its facial expressions. The language focuses on the action and energy of the sculpture, and this is effective in relation to the author’s thesis, regarding the political implications of David’s location. Moreover, this reading is enjoyable because it treats a usual art placement meeting as a decision that affects the meaning of the statue through the goals of the decision makers. Response to Thucydides’ â€Å"Funeral Oration of Pericles† Thucydides records the Funeral Oration that Pericles delivered after the beginning of the first campaign of the war. During this speech, Pericles gives tribute to the fallen heroes of Athens. He praises the virtues of Athens first through extolling the virtues of the people. For him, the Athenians have built a great city because of their virtues and love for learning and simple beauty in life. He argues that these soldiers did not die in vain because they died for the greatest people and city in history. He bases his arguments on the social, political, and economic values and attributes of Athens as a city and as a civilization. Pericles can be quite flowery with his words, but it must be because of the nature of the oration. He wants to emphasize that the people of Athens have to be proud of their courage because their courage protects their freedoms. Some of the confusing parts of the speech are when Pericles mentions certain people, places, and events that are unfamiliar. Nevertheless, further research will prove their relevance to the oration. Moreover, Pericles does not conduct any visual analysis on a specific artwork. Nonetheless, he alludes to the architecture of Athens that manifests the people’s power and glory. The descriptive language combines simile, metaphors, allusions, and symbolisms. They are effective because they reinforce the idea that Athens is worth fighting and dying for. The families of the dead should find moral solace in the sacrifices of their loved ones because they died for something meaningful and worthwhile. Aside from these effective uses of description, the reading is enjoyable because of its discussion of the merits of Athens. It reminds readers of patriotism that turns courage into a trait related to one’s national origins. Response to Alberti’s â€Å"On Painting† This writing has a clear identifiable thesis, where Alberti argues that paintings are important because they record important personalities and events, while also remarking on the skills of the painter. He believes that painting is a sacred duty and process, as it serves to replicate reality as it its, and if God made reality, then painting is an act of recreation, and to some extent, creation. Alberti supports his claims with sayings from great artists and personalities and by mentioning painting’s evolution throughout human history. He establishes that painting is part of the essence of humanity. In addition, Alberti explains the composition of painting: circumscription, composition, and reception of light, which offers a form of visual analysis of

Bicycle gives environment low impact Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bicycle gives environment low impact - Essay Example The government of Queensland however also explains that using a bicycle over a distance of 10 kilometers saves the environment from emission of 1500 kilograms of greenhouse gas (1). Unlike cars that are widely used for transport in urban areas, bicycle use also reduces environmental pollution by exhaust gases carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur oxides. In addition, bicycle usage generates less noise compared to noise from engines of other locomotive machines such as cars and motor bicycles (Deakin University of Australia 2). Disposal of waste material is another burden to the environment and bicycles reduce this. This is because of relatively less materials that are used to assemble bicycles, compared to materials used for other vessels such as vehicles and airplanes. Density of materials used in bicycles is also lower and this facilitate disposal of bicycle parts once they are worn out (Queensland Government 1). Deakin University of Australia. â€Å"Environmental benefits of cycling.† Deakin University of Australia. N.d. Wweb. October 23, 2014. < https://www.deakin.edu.au/travelsmart/docs/theenvironmentabenefitsofcycling_fact%20sheet.pdf

Supply and Demand in the Global Automotive Industry Essay

Supply and Demand in the Global Automotive Industry - Essay Example According to the report findings the greatest machinery that has been behind the progression of the automotive industry are the principals of economy known as demand and supply. The law of supply states that keeping all other factors constant, the more the price of a particular product goes up the more the quantity of that particular product is supplied. On the other hand, the law of demand also provides that keeping all factors the same, when the price is high the demand for the product will be great. Therefore, the automotive industry has survived on these two principles to sustain itself in the market. It has always been about the quality of the cars manufactured and the prices about the market and customers. As the paper stresses economic ways, the global market, has been enjoying a relatively stable growth characterized by profits, and sales had improved to prerecession levels in countries. A substantial ambiguity concerning the future of the industry is still an issue. The European market looked much weaker around 2008, as it was just recovering from a six-year depression. Aggressive competition within the fluctuating market have risen customers’ expectations, consumers have become demanding and have increased on their preferences . Market fluctuation is caused by mobile client’s earnings; that is to say, customer’s earnings being seasonal. It affects the producers in a way that they cannot predict the size of the market and therefore, cannot be sure of the quantity to produce.

Change in Management and Leadership Style Essay

Change in Management and Leadership Style - Essay Example This essay examines the leadership and management structures within the company’s human resource approach to the establishment of Virgin Galactic business venture. Leadership and Management The main human resource related issue within the Virgin Atlantic structure is the company’s approach to the Galactic Project. The Galactic Project is the company’s mission to establish commercial trips to suborbital space stations. The mission began in 2004 and has been in development since this period. The spacecraft flights are intended to be robust and affordable to the extent that they can take passengers in a relatively affordable way ($200,000 per passenger). The space flight will overlap the Earth’s atmosphere in a suborbital way flight. Passengers will experience a brief period of weightlessness – 6 minutes – where passengers will be able to detach themselves from their seats. In considering the key business challenges within this organizational pr ogram, it’s clear that there are a wide variety of leadership and management elements that must be considered. While a comprehensive articulation of these elements would require an analysis as large scale as Sir Richard Branson’s space flight operation, this report functions to consider the issue from an overarching perspective. Within this context of understanding, the first major consideration is the Virgin Galactic overriding business structure. In examining this element, the Burke Litwin model of organizational change is implemented in gaining a greater management understanding. In terms of the Burke Litwin model, there are twelve major organizational areas of consideration, with management structure being an important area of concern (Burke 2011). The Virgin Galactic management structure is currently noted as consisting of CEO and President George Whitesides, Stephen Attenborough as the Commercial Director, and Jonathan Firth as the Director of Operations & Projec ts (‘Our Team’ 2010). Another prominent aspect of the Burke Litwin model is the investigation into organizational culture. In terms of organizational culture Virgin Atlantic has gained a reputation for both innovation and efficiency. In addition to these elements, perhaps because of its flamboyant president, the company has also gained a reputation for sensationalism (Manning 2011). While such an organizational culture creates a progressive and creative atmosphere, for the implementation of large-scale experimental practices one can argue that such a practice is detrimental to company success. The Burke Litwin model also considers the nature of the external environment. In these regards, this specific business challenge faces competition from a number of competing space airliners. There is also concern over increased government regulations. Another major business analysis model is the McKinsey 7S Framework. This framework considers the interaction of seven components to , â€Å"Improve the performance of a company† and â€Å"Determine how best to implement a proposed strategy†. Within the context of this analytic tool are the hard elements of ‘strategy, structure, and systems’. Currently, the business venture’s organizational structure functions within the Virgin empire, yet involves a partnership with aerospace designing firm Scales Composites. Similarly, CEO and President

Effective communication skills are essential for working in health and Essay

Effective communication skills are essential for working in health and social care - Essay Example Therefore, it has been suggested that people working in health and social care environments should be able to organize a conversation for effective communication. When a speaker is organized, there would be a smooth flow of communication and the result would be an understanding between the people communicating. The health care provider must understand the conversation cycle and look for other means the patient may be communicating such as the use of non-verbal communication. Therefore, the worker should also be able to interpret and understand non-verbal communication. In addition, the caregiver should also understand cultural differences in order to understand what is being communicated by the patient and s/he would also know how to tell things to the patient. Asking questions is another skill that health and social care providers must be proficient in because they are able to bring out more necessary information about their clients through questioning. Lastly, they should also have listening skills, understanding what is said between the lines and not just grasping meanings from spoken words. There are indeed many facets of communication and these should be mastered for effective communication. ... Although it is not specifically the intent of this brief research to discuss the level to which communications within healthcare and social care can affect each and every shareholder, it is worth mentioning, and will be briefly discussed, the level to which communications ultimately leads to a clearer and more nuanced approach to healthcare and social care even within the healthcare community and the many shareholders this ultimately represents. Although the term communications encompasses a great many mechanisms, theories, and constructs, the term itself, with relation to healthcare and social care can be simply defined as â€Å"the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve the quality of healthcare and social care provision† (BTEC 2010, p. 3). As such, communication within healthcare takes on a variety of forms in order to achieve a desired result. Perhaps the most useful mechanism of the way that health promotion takes place is by engaging the indi vidual with the holistic nature of health. In this way, the overly used cliche – an ounce of cure is worth a pound of prevention comes into clear focus. It is this author’s belief that the holistic view of health is the most key and integral concept due to the fact that such an approach necessarily encompasses the other approaches – to include: the participatory nature of health, key/individual factors in promoting health, implementation of strategy to build health, and tallying key strengths/weaknesses to bolster overall health. In this way, promotion of the key concept of the holistic nature of health is a type of umbrella term that necessarily works to

William Kaye Estes Essay Example for Free

William Kaye Estes Essay William Kaye Estes is one among the founders of mathematical psychology and a leading statistical learning theorist. Estes demonstrated the comparison of experimental observations of behavior with computer simulation model. His work of mathematical psychology reflects theoretical matters relating to perception, choice, learning, memory and categorization. A major concern about the theorist is creation of clear understanding and application of statistical methods in psychology. One major consideration in mathematical psychology is the application of Markov process in real life situations. Markov process arises in statistics and probability. It is a random process whereby expected or future behavior cannot be predicted by considering past behavior (FABBS Foundation, n d). Some applications of Markov analysis in real life situation is in the case of traffic flow, business behavior or progress of an epidemic. A real life situation reflected in Markov analysis is traffic flow which is a major problem in many parts of the world especially developing cities. Markov process as is applied in traffic flow clearly describes probalistic behavior of traffic queues in many urban centers. This is applied properly in areas that are closely seen especially in an intersection considering spatial extension. Markov process is applied in traffic flow in estimation of travel times that is vehicles arrivals and departure or traffic volumes through applications of origin destinations. Detecting devices record the arrival and departure time of vehicles, airplanes or trains. Vehicle concentration at various road segments is a clear indication of a posterior distribution which provides a clear estimate of traffic flow (FABBS Foundation, n d). Estimation of origin destinations is difficult but application of simulation model easily finds traffic counts at intersections. Application of Markov process therefore simulates transportation network which reflects the actual traffic counts. Reference FABBS Foundation. William Kaye Estes. Retrieved on 22nd July 2010 from, http://www. fabbs. org/Estes_Honor. html

Positioning Of The New Product Marketing Essay

Positioning Of The New Product Marketing Essay Starbucks is the leading roaster, retailer, and marketer of speciality coffee in the world, It also has the world famous Frappuccino Blended Beverages, which include Green Tea and Chai Tea beverages. Currently, Starbucks is planning to introduce bubble tea products into New Zealand. Bubble tea is a tea base drink blended with fruit flavour and chewing balls. It is a popular drink in Asian countries, and has been accepted and loved by the people around the world. This bubble tea product line will be branded as Bubblecino. This marketing plan analysed the current market environment and situations, and will be used for the introduction of Bubblecino into New Zealand market. According to the analysis, Bubblecino is going to be the premium bubble tea in the market which offers premium quality with best service and outstanding store environment. The main target market for Bubblecino is younger people and people who are concerning healthy drinks. This marketing plan also identified the mark eting objectives in the following two years, including achieving NZ$1 million on Bubblecino sales. This marketing plan then suggested the products design, pricing of Bubblecino, distribution decisions, and promotion mix, which includes internet advertisements, outdoor display, bus signs, sampling and use of coupons. Lastly, the coordination and control of the marketing plan was also covered in this report. Markets Size It is difficult to analysis the market size for bubble tea as it is still a brand new market in the most of western nations. However, New Zealand has the culture of drinking traditional English tea, and New Zealanders should have a decent market foundation for the tea based beverages. Another way to analyse New Zealand market is to look at the other countries that have similar culture and other social characteristics. One of example is London, UK. DailyMail reported Bubbleology, which is Londons foremost purveyor of bubble tea had a forecast sale of  £4.5 million for 2013 (Arthurs, 2012). Considering the population of London is around 8 million currently which is two times of New Zealand population, it would be reasonable to estimate the market size of bubble tea in New Zealand would be around NZ$2 million per year. It is a decent size of market for Starbucks, who made a sale of NZD26.5 million last year (Starbuck, 2012). In additional, based on the last years sales figure and assu mption of average spending of NZ$8 per person, Starbuck accommodates around 3 million customers every year. Although it is too unrealistic to estimate all 3 million customers to buy a bubble tea product, this customer base provides a market potential for Starbuck to promote its bubble tea products. Markets Needs and Trends The market trend within the recent decade on drinking industry is people in western countries are more open and starting to fall in love with the tea based drinks. Iced tea products, such as ready-to-drink Lipton Iced teas can be seen in every supermarkets and shops in New Zealand. The fast developing of Lipton helps bubble teas to unlock the preconceived notions about the tea. People nowadays are more accepting the new tea based products, such as bubble teas. In addition, more and more people appreciate and understand the benefit of drinking tea. It is scientifically proven that drinking tea could reduce the chance of heart diseases and several cancers (Harvard Womens Health Watch, 2004). The current market trend in beverage is people are more concern about the health issues and would prefer a healthier drink (Theodore, 2005), and there is a expecting continuingly grow on the demand of tea related products. This trend is recognised by the Starbucks. Recently, Starbucks is offering t o buy Teavana Holding Inc, which sells high-end loose leaf tea in 300 shopping malls in US (The New Zealand Hearld, 2012). Starbucks already owns Tazo tea brand since 1999, and this purchase offer shows Starbucks growing interest in tea, and its willingness to expand its tea related products. Competitors The current competitors for Starbucks on bubble teas are other bubble tea shops. Most of these bubble tea shops are located in the Chinese or Asian restaurants, food courts, or the place where there is a big Chinese customer flow. The bubble tea was firstly introduced into New Zealand by these bubble tea shops. They have the advantage of being well known by the Asians and bubble tea lovers. Other advantages of these bubble tea shops are lower price and shops are offering other Asian cuisines. It is very common for people to order a cup of bubble tea while they having their lunch in Chinese or Asian restaurants or food courts. However, these bubble tea shops have their disadvantages. There are operating individually, and there is a lack of brand awareness for these bubble tea shops. For those who are unfamiliar with Asian cuisines, it is possible that they have never heard about bubble tea before. There is no domain brand in the bubble tea market at this moment, and most bubble tea shops are in small size. Lastly, the shop environment of these bubble shops is not very decent. Most of these shops have the similar store decoration level as fish and chips stores. Internal Environmental Factors Strength The internal environmental factors facing by Starbuck if it wants to promote bubble tea include its strong brand awareness across New Zealand. Starbucks is the leading retailer in coffee and other blended beverages. It is most welcomed by the young people and white-collars. It is well known on its modern in-store design and great customer services. There are 35 stores across the nation in New Zealand currently. Most of stores locate in CBDs or big shopping malls. This is a great platform and store chain to promote the bubble tea. In addition, Starbucks have well trained staffs in every store, which means Starbucks requires less training time on staff. Weaknesses However, Starbucks has its disadvantages. For some people, Starbucks has been considered as a fast food brand from the US, and the products Starbucks offered are nothing but fast food from mass production line. This will create a bad image for Starbuck if it wants to promote the health benefit of drinking tea based products. Another weakness of Starbucks is the requirement on machine upgrade and staff training as bubble tea is a brand new product for Starbucks. Lastly, although Starbucks has already offered tea based products, such as Green tea and Chai Tea beverages for years, the society still link Starbucks with coffee. This innate ideas from society will require Starbucks to spend time and money on convert such ideas during the promotion of bubble teas. External Environmental Factors Opportunities The opportunities facing by Starbucks for promoting bubble teas include the market trend of that more people are concerning the health issues and how their beverage could influence their health. Tea has been recognised as a healthier drink, and it could be expected there is a increasing demand on the tea related products. Another opportunity for Starbucks is the fact that although bubble tea market has many market players, there is no domain brand in the market. Starbucks has capital and brand advantages, with lower level of competition in the market, Starbucks could gain a big market share if it decides to introduce bubble tea in New Zealand. Threats However, because the barrier to enter the market is low, and there is really nothing to stop others to step into the market, the competition in bubble tea market could increase if other big brands, such as Coca cola or Pepsi decided to introduce their bubble tea products. Market Segmentation, Profile of the Target Market and Positioning of the Product Segmentation Factors The current New Zealand market could be divided into different segments based on demographic, geographic, psychographic, or behavioural. Demographic segmentation factors divide the population by age, income, gender, and education. There is a need to conduct a market research to better understanding the correlation between individuals demographic characters and their preference on bubble teas. However, it could be expected that young people and female might like bubble tea more. People who have a higher education level may also more concern about their health. This high level of health might lead them to drink more tea based products. Geographic segmentation factors divide the population into different geographic areas. However, New Zealand is a small country, and there is no big difference between people live in different cities, or live in rural or urban areas. Therefore, the geographic segmentation might be irrelevant in this case. Psychographic segmentation factor will divide the population by lifestyle and their interest to the Asian foods. As discussed previously, people who have a healthier lifestyle would like to have a health tea based drink. People who interested in Asian or Asian foods would have heard or tried bubble tea before. They are existing customers of bubble teas. It also means this group of people are more open to accept new taste and like to try something new. Lastly, behavioural segmentation factors divide the population by their loyalty status. There is not much difference between bubble tea offered by Starbucks and bubble tea from other bubble tea shops. The indifference on bubble tea products means Starbuck needs to focus on the customers who have a strong or absolute loyalty on the bubble teas offered by the Starbucks. Description of the Target market Based on the above discussion on the segmentation factors, this business plan could describe the target market for Starbucks. The target market of Starbucks bubble tea is those young people who have a higher education level, have a healthier lifestyle, who are interested in Asian or Asian foods, and who have a higher level of royalty to brands. Positioning of the New Product The position of bubble tea offered by Starbucks is a premium bubble tea offered by Starbucks. It is fashion, cute, and fulfilled the needs of younger people who like something sweet, health, and fun to drink. It is a bubble tea with a higher price compared to other bubble tea shops, but it is also a bubble tea offered in the great in-store environment with high quality services. It is also a bubble tea which served in the classics Starbucks clear plastic package with Starbucks famous two tails mermaid logo on the package. Measurable Marketing Objectives Starbucks is considering introducing bubble tea into New Zealand. It is going to branded as Bubblecino, and it will be introduced to public in all 35 stores across the nation. The objectives of the business plan for bubble tea in the next two years are: To increase the public brand awareness on Bubblecino, especially the public awareness about the health benefit of drinking tea based beverage and the fun and tasty of drinking Bubblecino Start with the most popular flavour and mixing formulas, Bubblecino will introduce a new flavours and mixture every months to gather the responds from the public and determine the best sellers To achieve NZ$1 million on the sales of bubble tea, which is the 50% of the estimated New Zealand market share, if there is no major competitors appeared during the next two years period Marketing Strategies Product Decisions The Bubblecino is going to make in store as other beverage in Starbucks. The Bubblecino is served in the half-round top, clear plastic cup which is also used for Green tea Frappuccino, and Tazo Chia. The reason to use clear plastic cup is that customers and other could see the colourful of beverage (depends on the flavours customers choose), and the chewing pearls at the bottom of cup. The reason to use half-round top is the customers could have the option of adding cream on top of their bubble teas. The straw will be slightly different to the straw used for Frappuccino. The straw will bigger so the chewing pearls could be easily sucked out. The straw will still be the classic Starbucks green. The package will help to differentiate the Bubblecino from other bubble teas, and help people to be aware that it is a cup of Bubblecino from Starbucks. The waiting time for bubble tea should be similar to the waiting time for other coffee products, which is normally no more than one minutes if the store is not very busy. When making the orders, customers have the choice of different fruit flavours, such as honeydew, watermelon, strawberry, bananas and other common fruit flavours. As discussed in previous section, Bubblecino will introduce new flavours every month to gather responds from customers about the taste of such flavours, and if such flavour is welcomed, it will stay on the menu. During the early marketing stage, a research is also needed to determine what mixture formulas and which flavours are most suitable and accepted by New Zealanders. There are three size of cups available, tall, grande, or venti (which represent small, median, or large respectively). Lastly, customers also have the options of adding cream on top of their bubble tea, upgrade to double chewing balls, or adding Nata (which is coconut gel and it is also c hewing). Pricing Decisions When deciding the pricing of Bubblecino, this marketing plan considers both internal factors and external factors. The first consideration is the cost of goods sold. The raw materials for Bubblecino include tea, milk, fruit flavours, chewing balls, cream (if customers order it), Nata (if customers order it) and package. According to Boba Tea Direct.com (n.d.), the approximate cost for materials was USD $0.75, which was about NZD $1.00. The cost of cream and nata is difficult to determine at this stage and there are extras customers could add on, so this business plan will focus on the cost of making a regular bubble tea at this stage. The cost of package is around NZ$ 0.10 as there are similar plastic cups on sale on the internet for less than US$ 0.05 each. The labour cost of making a cup of Bubblecino will determine by the time required to make one. Assuming the labour cost is NZ$ 15.00 per hour and it would take around 2 minutes (1 minute to order and 1 minute to make), the labour cost of making a cup of Bubblecino is NZ$0.50. The cost of overhead is difficult to determine, with lack of information on the total overhead cost. Therefore, in this marketing plan, the overhead cost will be assumed as NZ$1.00 per cup. From above assumptions, the cost of making a cup of Bubblecino is around NZ$2.60. This cost gives Starbucks enough margins to set their prices. The external factors include the prices offered by competitors and customers expectations. Other bubble tea shops sell their regular bubble tea at NZ$5.00 per cup. However, customers should happy to pay more if the service they received is great and the in-store environment is great, as they understand Starbuck will have a higher level of overhead costs. In addition, Starbucks is selling their coffee and other beverage at around NZ$6 per cup. Therefore, it is reasonable and acceptable by the market to set a cup of Bubblecino at NZ$6.00 per tall cup, NZ$6.50 per grande cup, and NZ$7 per venti cup. Customers need to pay NZ50c more if they want double the chewing pearls, or add cream, or add Nata. At this selling price, every tall cup of regular bubble tea will give Starbucks a NZ$3.40 operating profit. This higher profit margin will help Starbucks to continuingly improve the quality of products and services, and become the premium retailers of bubble teas. Place (Distribution) Decisions The direct retail in 35 Starbucks stores across New Zealand will be the distribution channel for Bubblecino. Bubblecino will be offered in these stores as coffee or other beverages. These 35 stores are either located in CBDs or big shopping malls. Because the target market of Bubblecino is young people and white collars, these stores are the great distribution channel. There is a huge amount of customers flow past the store every day, especially during the weekend and holiday. This creates a good platform for Starbucks to distribute Bubblecino. Promotional Decisions The promotional decisions for Bubblecino include advertisement through the internet, outdoor displays, and signs at the back of buses. Internet advertisement includes advertising the introduction of new Bubblecino on Trademe, and other most frequent visiting websites in New Zealand. Facebook is also an efficiency way to promote new products, and it is a very common practice in food and beverage industry. Currently Starbucks New Zealand does not have a Facebook account. The marketing manager might consider opening an account for Bubblecino and using it to promote new products and new events. The outdoor displays outside of the stores will also help to advertise the new product as most of stores are located in the busy place where there are thousands of people walk past every day. The outdoor display is a low cost and very efficiency way to promote the new products. The signs at the back of buses have the similar effect as outdoor display do, but buses signs could reach beyond the CBDs or shopping malls. Because buses travelled to different places, including residential areas and industrial areas, it has a wider coverage to promote the new products. This advertisement mix has the advantage of lower cost but efficient to spread the awareness of new Bubblecino. Starbucks should also use sales promotions, such as sampling and coupons are also effective to promote new Bubblecino. Starbucks, and other food and beverages like to use sampling taste to promote their new products. It is quite often to see in the supermarket, malls, or on the street that staffs are offering taste samples to people who walk past. This will help customers to have a direct perceive about know how good and tasty their products are. The sampling will work better if the coupons are also used during the new product promotion. Marketing managers could consider to offer the coupons, such as two cups at price of one on group buy websites, such as GrabOne and TreatMe. It is a very efficiency way to quickly generate big amount of sales for new products, and start to build its customers base. It also attracts customers who have seen the products, but was not bother to try. Coordination and Control The success of a market plan is also determined by its coordination and control. One of the most important coordination is ensuring the flow of the feedback and information among different departments in the Starbucks. The stores need to report the sales and responds from customers to marketing department to help them decide the appropriate marketing decisions. The marketing department needs to inform the store about any special or coupons they are going to advertise so the stores could prepare themselves well for the possible increase demand and sales. Another important factor is the review. There is no marketing plan which will work forever. Through the time and change of situations, the marketing department needs to review its market plan according the external and internal environments, such as change of market share, or new competitors entering the market. The review will also help marketing department to determine and evaluate the success of a marketing plan and whether and how such marketing plan need to adjust.

Conservation of historic buildings and monuments

Conservation of historic buildings and monuments Introduction Throughout the renaissance period, preservation and restoration remained an experimental process in which many of the tools, instruments and methods were selected at random. The process was pursued with very little critical or historical understanding. This led to many architects such as Viollet-le-Duc, Sir George Gilbert Scott, John Ruskin and William Morris voicing their perceptions of how preservation and restoration should restore buildings to how they would have appeared in their prime. Most of our modern principles of conservation arose from the ideas of John Ruskin and William Morris from the mid 19th century. They stated how we are merely custodians of the buildings left form our predecessors for our future generations. They also state how our intervention in historic buildings must be kept to a minimum and how continued repair and maintenance of these historic buildings must be valued. These ideas form the basis of modern perception of preservation and restoration of our valued historic buildings and monuments. What is Conservation? Conservation is a way of planning designed to conserve historic buildings, areas and monuments in an effort to connect a places historical background to its population and primarily its culture. Conservation is means of green building, that is, reusing the existing building as oppose to new construction for a modern purpose and use. The four main styles of conservation of historic buildings are preservation, rehabilitation, reconstruction and restoration. Preservation Preservation is the means of keeping an historic building a close as possible to its original state by means of continued repair and maintenance. This focuses on the stabilization and repair of the existing materials in the building and the retention of a buildings state as it has evolved over time. Restoration Restoration of historic buildings involves reconstructing parts of the building that have fallen into decay as imitations of the highest possible quality of the original building. This form depicts a building at one stage in time and often removes any evidence of any other period in which the building existed. Rehabilitation Rehabilitation sees the need to alter or extent to an historic building to meet modern demands while still keeping the historical character of the building. Reconstruction Reconstruction re-creates vanished buildings or parts of buildings by interpretive means. Criticisms of Conservation Like many developments in urban design and planning, conservation has had its share of negative perceptions. Such aspects if this criticism include; Cost Style Mistakes made Cost implications of Conservation There are many costs associated with the preservation or restoration of an historic building. Often they need specialist workmanship which can be both time and money consuming on a construction project. Delicate elements of the building often require propping or some sort of support which can take up valuable space on site. Many of the systems in an old building need upgrading which can be difficult to install. Requirements such as energy rating and fire certificates can be hard to upgrade as often the original design of the building did not consider such modern ideas. Elements such as cavity walls or wood cladding are expensive and difficult to bring up to modern standards regarding these requirements. Structural elements of an historic building are the most endeavouring aspects of the conservation process to get right. Foundations are a recurring issue with many of the buildings as newer structures with deeper and heavier foundations can often cause uplift of the older building. Th e cost of repairing the foundations of these buildings are astronomical so diligent design of new foundations and monitoring of existing buildings is paramount during construction. All this adds up on a construction project which has undesired implicated cost for both contractor and engineer. Modern style construction Due to property price rises and limitation of space in city centres our society has constructed its buildings higher and higher to meet its purposes. This popular style of higher buildings can often cause the older, smaller historic buildings to become dwarfed and ultimately undesirable for its occupants. As the push towards increased numbers of taller sky-scrapers in urban areas is inevitable, this leaves many of the smaller older buildings redundant. Critics also say that the older historic buildings cannot accommodate as many people or businesses as newer developments can. This increases the rent on these buildings and causes low income retailers and residents to relocate. This has a negative impact on a city centre regarding retailing. Mistakes in conservation Another criticism of conservation is that it is very susceptible to mistakes being made which are ultimately to the determent of the building. Inappropriate renovations can cause damage to buildings and put it worse off than it was before. According to the Tipperary county council website some of the most common mistakes made in small scale conservation in the area are; Removal of old 18th or 19th century windows to be replaced with new PVC, plastic or aluminium windows The removal of original slate and the replacement with imitation slate or tiles The removal of the render. The website says how these changes can affect the ventilation systems in the building and can exacerbate any decaying or rotting that is taking place in the building. Removal of render and replacing it with modern Portland cement which is a lot harder can cause cracking, admit moisture and trap it within the wall. This is just an example of a few of the mistakes that can be made during the renovation process. It is clear that a great responsibility is undertaken in conducting a conservation of a building. It is the utmost importance that the right techniques and products are investigated as to preserve the building and not to amplify or created any problems with the building or monument. Sustainability of conservation Historic buildings are inherently sustainable. The correct preservation can maximise the use of the existing materials and infrastructure and in return reduces waste caused by demolition and energy put into the production of new materials and construction. Many of the old buildings were designed with sustainability in mind. Many features of historic buildings were built with aspects like climate and site situation in mind to give a sustainable build. If correctly conserved, many old buildings can serve future generations for many years to come. Conservation versus New Construction Preserving a building is often referred to as the ultimate recycling project. Although, as I have already outlined it has its many sceptics who say that historic buildings are beyond their use and require significant corrective measure to make them viable as a functioning structure. However, Green and sustainable design has become ever more popular in todays new construction and preservation industries. A major aspect to this is the reduction in carbon that conservation brings when compared with new construction. Concrete products, steel, transportation, heating and electricity are the main factors contributing to a projects overall carbon emissions. Conservation of old buildings drastically cuts down on new concrete products and their inherent transportation costs as well as the use of electricity to operate plant that is associated with new construction. Conservation versus Demolition The conservation of old buildings is a much more sensible option than demolition in relation to sustainability. There are many times when a building is deemed structurally unsound and the need for demolition is unrivalled in the interest of public safety but this should not prevent our society from conserving many of our old buildings for continued use. Conserving greatly reduces the amount of construction material being dumped in landfill. Demolition creates vast amount of crushed concrete and stone that is often unusable for construction again. Ethics and conservation I have decided to divide ethics and conservation into two sub-headings that I will discuss, they are Ethics of conservation Ethics within conservation. Ethics of conservation Preservation of historic buildings and monuments plays a vital role in the growth of our civilization. It is oftentimes easy to disregard the accomplishments of past generations as we strive to change our societies and environments to be more suited to our present needs. John Ruskin (1819-1900) was one the first to develop the conservation movement whose ideals were that a historic building, painting or sculpture is a unique creation by an artisan or artist in a specific historic context. He believed that such genuine works of art resulted from personal sacrifice and it was based on mans perception of beauty on nature, where in itself existed as a reflection of god. (Jukka Jokilehto, A History of Architectural Conservation, 1999, page175) Such ideals led to him becoming a pioneer in help organise preservation of historic buildings and monuments writing many works on the subject. His principles form the basis on conservation in todays world where we see historic buildings and monuments as a link to our past and our culture. With ongoing development of our city centres and transportation networks it would be very easy to demolish the outdated and often useless buildings and monuments that get in our way. Therefore, the question arises why dont we? Conservation is an ethical subject with the decision to neglect our revered buildings and monuments a conscientious one. As John Ruskin said many of our monasteries and churches alike are works of art in the reflection of god. It is often said that age in itself contributes to beauty. Age is a thing that is associated with wisdom and many of our historic buildings add a feeling of intellect and enlightenment to an area. Often, historic conservation of city centre can help them become more competitive with regard to retailing and business as historic, unique buildings give areas more prominence in comparison to the homogeneous skyscrapers that dominate the skylines of many of our large cities. Ethics within conservation There are many ethical values within conservation itself that regulates the nature of the industry. As one would expect it is a delicate subject whether or whether not to intervene with the natural state of a revered building or monument. Therefore, many charters and polices have been developed and implemented over the years. The first time that an international agreement was made on the principles of conservation was the Athens charter of 1931. The charter was later review and update with the Venice Charter in 1964 which relates to historic buildings, the Burra charter which deals with places of historic significance and the Washington Charter which is relates to historic towns and districts. These charters were drafted by The International Committee for Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS). Conservation is regarded as the work done to prevent further decay of a building and to extend its life. Conservation can often be undertaken with the greatest of enthusiasm and best intentions. However, the conservation process should be carried out so that no damage is done to the building and no falsifying or destruction of historical evidence occurs. Lack of information or the use of incorrect in inappropriate techniques can often unintentionally cause both, aesthetic and structural damage. According to (http://www.environ.ie/en/Publications/Heritage), the main principles in these charters to help prevent unintentional damage from occurring are; Retention or restoration of historical significance Conservation process based on research Minimum physical intervention Maintenance of visual setting These are the basic principles outlined in the charters which help instil ethical practice of conservation works. Case Studies In this section I will report on two case studies which I researched which will highlight mistakes made in the past, ethics in conservation and the sustainability of conservation. The leaning Tower of Pisa The leaning tower of Pisa is one of Italys most infamous land marks. It attracts hundreds of thousands of tourists every year. Construction of the tower began in 1173 after a period of prosperity in Pisa. The tower began to sway soon after the beginning of construction due to a poorly laid foundation and loose substrate that has allowed the foundation to shift direction. The tower was built in three stages over 177 years. The tower began to sink after construction was completed on the third floor. In 1272 construction was resumed with architect Giovanni di Simone deciding to build one side taller than the other to compensate for the tilt. This caused the tower to lean the other way resulting in the tower having a curved shape. The curve and 3.97o angle to the vertical at which the tower leans caused inherent damage to structural elements of the tower as well as aesthetic damage. This led to the Italian government to seek international aid to prevent the tower from collapsing on February of 1964. They did, however, declare that they desired to retain a certain degree of the towers tilt because of it tourism viability. Many attempts were made to rectify the foundations. Deformations were made in the soil through vertical anchorages and forces were applied using weights. This was one of the most simplistic solutions but also the most ineffective as it only resulted in inducing further compression on the soil. This caused extensive damage to the tower where cracking and splitting of many of the mall columns occurred. In 1993 900 tonnes of lead weights were applied to oppose the tilt of the structure. Additional provisional strengthening of the structure was applied with a series of circumferential steel cables. The final measure in the stabilization of the structure is to be a new technique called under-excavation. This technique consists in pulling out, about 5 m under the upstream border of the foundation, small amounts of soils, through a series of casings drilled into the soil. (www.sciencedirect.com). This it is hoped will gently cause the tower to tilt towards its desired inclination without disturbing the fragile columns in the structure. The leaning tower of Pisa is an example of restoration attempts where experimental methods were used with almost dire consequences for the building. However, an ethical approached was undertaken which was based on research and an effort to minimize distortion of the appearance of the building. The Parthenon Besides the pyramids at Giza, the Parthenon is one of most revered monument in the world. It was built between 447 432 BC by Greek architects Ictinus and Callicrates. The structure underwent extensive damage over an extended period time. In 296 BC gold from the statues in the building was removed by the general Lachares to pay his army. In the 5th century AD the temple was converted into a Christian church. In 1460 it housed a Turkish mosque and in 1687 gun-powder stored by the Turks inside the temple exploded and destroyed the central area. (www.archive.com). A recent major influence in the increased deterioration of the monument has been the expansion and development of nearby Athens. Urbanization has caused increased amount of carbon dioxide in the air which has contributed to more intense acid rain. This has seriously affected the monument more so in the last 30 years than in the previous eighteen centuries. In 1975 the Greek government made a special effort to try and restore the Parthenon to some of its former glory. After some delay, a committee was set up in 1983 which later received funding from the European Union to carry out its works. It was investigated that some of the earlier works were incorrect and therefore carefully dismantled and a restoration process commenced. The preservation firstly involved rectifying mistakes made by conservationists in the past. Steel beams were places within the stone structure to help support it but these were not coated in lead and inevitably rusted. The rusted beams expanded and cause the stone to crack more than it was so previously. It is impossible to restore the building to exactly how it was built first day but the aesthetics of the building were preserved by replacing any missing columns and lintels with precisely cut marble from the original quarry. The overall idea behind the conservation attempt is to replace all missing pieces of marble in the structure where they would have been preserving the structural integrity of the building by supporting these with modern materials. The preservation of the Parthenon shows a standard of ethics that Ruskin and Morris adhered to. Although there were mistakes made in the past, a willingness to restore the monument to its former glory while still keeping the style of the original building intact is the way it should be done. Preserving this monument is paramount as it has a clear link to the nation of Greece and its culture and past. Future Ideas From researching this project it is clear to see that conservation of old buildings could prove extremely beneficial to society with regard to sustainable living. With a recent push towards eco-living, conservation of some of our older building as oppose to demolishing them and erecting a new structure would be a way forward. In my opinion, future policies could incorporate full structural analysis to look for potential conservation processes before any building is demolished. This could be especially beneficial in city centres where construction of new multi-storey buildings is quite challenging. Also, regular maintenance checks of all buildings, historic or recently built, should take place on a regular basis as to provide any preservation techniques that may need be applied. This would greatly help sustain the buildings we have and reduce the need for any new construction which would have a positive impact for the environment. References Websites http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main http://www.wbdg.org/resources/sustainable http://www.environ.ie/en/Publications/Heritage/ArchitecturalHeritage/ Conservation of historic buildings by Bernard m feilden, 1982 http://www.culture.gr/h/2/eh251.jsp?obj_id=912 Ioanna Venieri, archaeologist www.preservationnation.org

Essay --

After carefully considering the area of both homes, including the crime rate, median home prices, schools in the area, etc, as well as the improvements needed on property A and the ones already done on Property B, I feel that Property A in Chapel Hill, NC would be, in my opinion, a better investment property. If I had a family, were just starting out and could do some of the work myself, this would be a good investment in my future. Chapel Hill was rated in the top ten best places to live, in Money Magazine. It has beautiful weather, nice neighborhoods and lower population per square foot. It also has six, 5 star rated schools in the area and the crime rate for this neighborhood is very low. The town is centrally located with an international airport within 20 miles as well as bus stations within 30 minutes. There is a local transit system as well as taxi's. I also believe this home would have a higher resale value for the long-term, as the median comparable home values in this area , at this time, are around $350,000. I would purchase all new appliances for the kitchen, purchase a new washer and dryer and add new carpet in the bedrooms with ceramic tile throughout the rest of the home. I would add some fresh paint inside and out, as well. Then, I would add some subtle landscaping. The bushes and trees that are already there, are in good shape and are a good start. However, it looks like the lawn needs to be reseeded and the yard could use some color. I would add a couple of rose bushes and some other flowers around the perimeter of the home to brighten things up. I could do it all for about $20k for a total cost of $145,500, if I did all the work myself. If I wanted to go a few steps further, I would add all new bathroom fix... ...in and clean up, tape off and paint all walls and trim, install new cabinets, lighting and fixtures. Then I would go through and lay carpet and tile I had selected. The next step would be to start on the outside of the home and paint all exterior walls and trim. Then I would start reseeding the lawn, planting flowers and handling any other landscaping, like a sprinkler system to water the yard and plants. Finally, with everything fresh and new, I would place the house for rent, for sale or simply move in. Word Choice Word Choice Suggestions Suggestions for improving word choice appear in the text underlined in blue. Select this text to view the tips. [ Previous | Next ] Analysis complete. Select an item below to view the notes associated with that item. Title Checker Spelling Grammar Word Choice Style Vocabulary Words Grade Facebook printable summary report

Soliloquies Essay - The Meaning of Hamlet’s Soliloquy -- GCSE English

The Meaning of Hamlet's Soliloquy  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   "To be or not to be that is the question"   (III.i l 56)  Ã‚   This is one of the most often recited lines in all the works of Shakespeare. However, very few people have any idea of its the true meaning. While the phrase sounds simply intelligent, and philosophical, it is important to explore the meaning it holds in the play. The speech in its entirety reveals that Hamlet is considering his suicide. It is a pondering which is reflective of all the troubles Hamlet has encountered thus far in the play, and what he should do about it. He ponders ending his life, and the nobility of that decision.    "Whether it is nobler in the mind to suffer    The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune"    (Shakespeare, III.i l 56)    The slings and arrows Hamlet has encountered have driven him to contemplate suicide. He feels that what is happening is simply too much to endure, so suicide may be a better way of overcoming his troubles than to end them by taking action.    "Or to take arms against a sea of troubles    and by opposing end them."    (III.i l 58)    One of these forces which is driving Hamlet to the edge is the activity of his mother. Just a few days after the funeral of her former husband of supposed one true love, She marries his brother and successor to the throne.    "Thrift, thrift, Horatio. The funeral baked meats    Did coldly furnish forth the marriage tables."    (I.ii l 180)    This is considered by Hamlet to be a dishonor to his father, and by Hamlet and the audience of the time to be contemptible, incestuous behavior. He loves his mother a great deal, and wants to protect her from the King. She may be "quick to ... ...Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974. Mack, Maynard. "The World of Hamlet." Yale Review. vol. 41 (1952) p. 502-23. Rpt. in Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Maher, Mary Z.. "An Actor Works at Connecting with His Audience." Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from Modern Hamlets and Their Soliloquies. Iowa City: University of Iowa P., 1992. p.71-72. Rosenberg, Marvin. "Laertes: An Impulsive but Earnest Young Aristocrat." Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ: Univ. of Delaware P., 1992. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html       Soliloquies Essay - The Meaning of Hamlet’s Soliloquy -- GCSE English The Meaning of Hamlet's Soliloquy  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   "To be or not to be that is the question"   (III.i l 56)  Ã‚   This is one of the most often recited lines in all the works of Shakespeare. However, very few people have any idea of its the true meaning. While the phrase sounds simply intelligent, and philosophical, it is important to explore the meaning it holds in the play. The speech in its entirety reveals that Hamlet is considering his suicide. It is a pondering which is reflective of all the troubles Hamlet has encountered thus far in the play, and what he should do about it. He ponders ending his life, and the nobility of that decision.    "Whether it is nobler in the mind to suffer    The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune"    (Shakespeare, III.i l 56)    The slings and arrows Hamlet has encountered have driven him to contemplate suicide. He feels that what is happening is simply too much to endure, so suicide may be a better way of overcoming his troubles than to end them by taking action.    "Or to take arms against a sea of troubles    and by opposing end them."    (III.i l 58)    One of these forces which is driving Hamlet to the edge is the activity of his mother. Just a few days after the funeral of her former husband of supposed one true love, She marries his brother and successor to the throne.    "Thrift, thrift, Horatio. The funeral baked meats    Did coldly furnish forth the marriage tables."    (I.ii l 180)    This is considered by Hamlet to be a dishonor to his father, and by Hamlet and the audience of the time to be contemptible, incestuous behavior. He loves his mother a great deal, and wants to protect her from the King. She may be "quick to ... ...Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974. Mack, Maynard. "The World of Hamlet." Yale Review. vol. 41 (1952) p. 502-23. Rpt. in Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Maher, Mary Z.. "An Actor Works at Connecting with His Audience." Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from Modern Hamlets and Their Soliloquies. Iowa City: University of Iowa P., 1992. p.71-72. Rosenberg, Marvin. "Laertes: An Impulsive but Earnest Young Aristocrat." Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ: Univ. of Delaware P., 1992. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html      

The Reference of Theoretical Terms :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

The Reference of Theoretical Terms ABSTRACT: A popular explanation of the success of theories of science is that of scientific realism. It maintains, besides that the theories of a mature science are typically approximately true, that observational terms and theoretical terms refer to or denote entities. Therefore it is part of the realistic claim that "reference" explains "success." But if the realist is not able to clarify "reference" and a fortiori the reference on theoretical objects, the realist comes to a vicious circle, for there is no further criterion as the success of the theory to show that the term is referential. So it is necessary to clarify the notion "reference." Needless to say, "reference" is a relational term; but it easily becomes a problem that we are not only habituated to imagine the elation but we are convinced that a relation is just a relation between entities in a strict (viz., Quinian) sense. There are different kinds of references. For example, one is usually called "intentionality." If we , considering the traditional separation between reference and meaning, analyze meaning, we will find at least one referential component (intentional object). Such a referential process is not a meaningless aspect of linguistic reference, but now and then is the subject of the kind of relation called "denotation." The notion of meaning and the concept of reference are nonsubstantial constructions of interpretation. Nevertheless, I argue for a reference-theoretical approach. A popular explanation for the success of scientific theories is made by presupposing scientific realism. The realist's thesis maintains that typically the theories of "mature" science are approximately true and that observational terms and theoretical terms do actually refer, i.e. they denote entities. Therefore, it is part and parcel of the realistic claim that it is "reference" which explains theory "success". But if we or the realist are not able to clarify what "reference" is and a fortiori cannot specify the reference to theoretical "objects", we, and especially the realist, become entangled in a vicious circle, without any further independent criterion — apart from the success of the theory — which shows that the term is indeed a referring term. It is therefore clearly necessary to clarify the notion of reference. Needless to say, "reference" is a relational term; but immediately a problem arises here namely, that we not only habitually imagine the relata, but we are also convinced that a relation can only be a relation between entities in a strict (Quinean) sense.

Principles Of Humanitarian Action Health And Social Care Essay

IntroductionArmed struggles pose a serious menace to international peace and security. Conflicts among cabals within a State are going more common, than among states. The deceases during World War I were 13 per centum among the military and 14 per centum among civilians. During World War II, military deceases were 15 per centum but civilian deceases rose to 67 per centum. In recent struggles some ninety per centum of the casualties are estimated to be civilian1. The entire figure of deceases reflects a little fraction of the huge agony, supplanting and desolation of struggles. Human rights maltreatment is rife in struggles. Health attention forces are a cardinal resource during human-centered response to struggles and catastrophe and represent diverse bureaus. It is indispensable that they comprehend the issues that impact wellness and human-centered aid in struggle zones.Conflicts DefinedThe Conventions and the Protocols deliberately use the term â€Å" armed struggle † alternatively ofA war, in order to capture the spectrum of violent struggles in which Non StateActorsareinvolved2.However itsA restrictivenessA toA onlyA considerA twoA classs ofA armedA struggle, international and non-international armed struggles, concludes that it does non use on internal perturbations or otherA stray Acts of the Apostless of violence3. If an armed struggle can be viewed as a struggle of an international character so the wholeA jus in bello applies to the struggle. If the same struggle is considered to be of a non-international character, so it is the basic regulations of Common Article 3 which will be applicable, significantly restricting the protection offered to those involved in such conflict.4 The differentiation of a struggle as international or non-international is less relevant these yearss, as customary regulations apply in any armed conflict.5 It may be argued that province pattern and opinio juris does non use IHL to struggles between provinces and NSAs and States have ever distinguished between struggles against one another, to which the full organic structure of IHL applied, and other armed struggles to which provinces are non prepared to use the same regulations.The Conflict EnvironmentConflicts demonstrate an assault on the cardinal right to life -viz slaughters, indiscriminate onslaughts on civilians, anguish and executing of captives, famishment of full populations and curtailing freedom of motion -viz physical resettlements, mass ejections, denial of the right to seek refuge or the right to return to one ‘s place. Women and misss are raped and forced into harlotry, and kids are abducted to function as soldiers. Peoples detained â€Å" disappear † , normally killed and buried in secret, with households non cognizing their destiny. Thousands are randomly imprisoned and ne'er brought to test or, are capable to unjust processs. There is a denial of cardinal rights associating to employment, lodging, nutrient or the regard for cultural life. Homes, schools and infirmaries are intentionally destroyed. Relief convoys supplying human-centered assistance are attacked. The prostration of substructure and civic establishments undermines the scope of civil, economic, political and societal rights. Ill wellness and poorness are frequently the most annihilating long-run effects of struggles. Armed conflicts clearly illustrate maltreatment of human rights and the indivisibility and mutuality of all human rights. In 1945, at the Tribunal of Nuremberg, tried war felons of Nazi Germany, and the international community pledged that â€Å" ne'er once more † would it let monstrous offenses against humanity or race murder. In 1948, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, one twenty-four hours before following the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In 1949, a Diplomatic Conference for the Establishment of International Conventions for the Protection of Victims of War, held in Geneva adopted four Conventions, which codified the human-centered action of soldiers in times of war. By 1951, these international pacts against race murder, war offenses and offenses against humanity had entered into force, set uping a organic structure of jurisprudence known as International Humanitarian Law. The International Tribunal for Yugoslavia was established in 1993 and the International Tribunal in Rwanda, was formed in 1994 after the ‘ethnic cleaning ‘ and ‘systematic race murder ‘ in these states. In July 1998, the International Criminal Court was created. The constitution of the Court demonstrates that the international community is no longer willing to digest misdemeanors of human rights without delegating duty. Unlike the ad hoc Tribunals, the Court provides a mechanism for penalizing culprits of race murder and other offenses against humanity.Principles of Human-centered ActionThe UN propounds rules towards which human-centered establishments can endeavor. These rules serve to excite and orient treatments to accomplish coherency, coherence, and mutualness among diverse bureaus to better operational effectivity. Differences of reading of these rules exist and will go on to exist6. The eight key rules are as under: – ( a ) Relieve life endangering agony. ( B ) Proportionality to necessitate of human-centered response. ( degree Celsius ) Human-centered action must be non-partisan. ( vitamin D ) Human-centered organisations must be independent. ( vitamin E ) Human-centered organisations must be to the full accountable for their actions. ( degree Fahrenheit ) Human-centered aid must be appropriate. ( g ) Contextualization of the human-centered action. ( H ) Sovereignty must be subordinate to alleviation of dangerous agony.Analyzing ConflictsAn analysis of a struggle is indispensable to be after and implement human-centered enterprises. The inquiries of who, why, when, and what are considered to analyse the struggle and take determinations about the nature and extent of engagement for an organisation. The analysis is based on under-mentioned four key categories7. Organizations may use the same classs but come up with different solutions. Who are involved The first class of analysis involves finding, as to which organisations are involved. A reappraisal of struggles indicates that eight establishments contribute to the international system of aid and protection.External respondentsBilateral bureaus: CIDA and USAID Intergovernmental organisations: UN Organizations Internet Explorer ; UNICEF, UNHCR, UNDP or regional organisations ie ; OAS, OAU, ECHO. International non-governmental organisations: eg, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, and Oxfam. International Committee of the Red Cross: It has a separate position by virtuousness of its standing and tutelary duty for IHL. Foreign military forces: They play a function in protecting human-centered operations and besides in presenting human-centered aid.Internal respondentsHost authoritiess: Put the model for behavior of human-centered activities. Insurgent political and military forces: Establish footings under which human-centered activities are carried out in non-government controlled countries. National and local Nongovernmental organization: They vary in their Numberss, verve, grade of independency from political constructions, relation to the struggle, and their capacity. Nature of the struggle The 2nd class of analysis is to set up the nature of struggle, and why human-centered response is needed. International, Regional, Internal or sub-national: Some establishments work in international struggles, others in internal struggles. Scope: Some are localized in one portion of a province while others are country-wide. Still others are regional in their engagement. Duration: Some struggles sputter on and off ; others burn at a steady province for decennaries. Some erupt overnight ; others fester. Authority: Civil wars no longer acquire â€Å" internationalized † , local factors remain prevailing. ‘Failed provinces ‘ may be wholly disconnected with no one exerting any authorization. Response: In politicized scenes, there may be fluctuations in how a struggle is perceived. What international perceivers may see as a multi-decade war by the governments against the autochthonal minority may be described by the authorities as a jurisprudence and order job. Conflict phases The 3rd class for analysis identifies phases in a struggle. Analyzing the current province of a struggle assists organisations in phasing in / out their ain engagement. Temporal factors: Insurgencies include jumping periods of intense combat and letups, pitched conflicts, tip-and-run onslaughts, strafing, and excavation. Geographic factors: In add-on to temporal factors, struggles are frequently linked to geographicss and may non hold distinct foreparts. Human-centered engagement: In a state at war there will be zones where rehabilitation and development is possible. Spectrum of response The 4th class, based on the nature of a struggle and its peculiar stage is the spectrum of human-centered aid and protection activities. Assistance side activities range from short-run exigency alleviation through Reconstruction of indispensable substructure to medium and longer term development. Protection activities range from attempts on behalf of a threatened individual/family or to protect an full population. Protection from famishment as a political arm and military utilizing disproportional force.Minimal Standards for Human-centered ResponseNon governmental bureaus engaged in supplying human-centered support in a struggle environment may be from different states, multinational in their presence and carry oning a broad range of work. Due to their international standing, attack, influence and committedness they deliver different criterions of response to a struggle state of affairs. There is a demand to standardise the response of bureaus. It is with this purpose that ‘The Sphere Project ‘ was initiated in 1997 by a group of NGOs and the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement8. The Sphere Project guidelines purpose to better the quality of actions by the bureaus during catastrophe /conflict response and be held accountable for them. It identifies cardinal sectors for supplying human-centered alleviation as under- Water supply, sanitation and hygiene publicity. Food security and nutrition. Shelter, colony and non-food points, Health action. A set of six qualitative, procedure criterions have been developed. They are recommended for bureaus involved in planning, managing or implementing a human-centered response. These criterions are as under: – ( a ) People-centered response which recognizes the engagement of affected people and their capacity and schemes to last with self-respect. ( B ) Coordination and coaction. It addresses the demand for an effectual response to be coordinated and implemented with other bureaus. ( degree Celsius ) Appraisal It describes the demand for systematic appraisal to understand the nature of the catastrophe, identify who has been affected and how, and assess people ‘s exposure and capacities. It besides assesses the capacity of the affected people and governments to react. ( vitamin D ) Design and response This Standard demands that bureaus design their response based on an impartial appraisal of demands, turn toing unmet demands in relation to the context and capacity of affected people and provinces to run into their ain demands. Performance and transparence This Standard requires bureaus to continually analyze the effectivity, quality and rightness of their response. ( degree Fahrenheit ) Aid worker public presentation It recognizes that bureaus have an duty to the affected people and to use assistance workers with appropriate cognition, accomplishments, behaviour and attitudes.Health Care in a Conflict EnvironmentEveryone has the right to wellness. The right to wellness can be assured merely if the population is protected, if the professionals responsible for the wellness system are good trained and committed to universal ethical rules and professional criterions, if the system in which they work is designed to run into minimal criterions of demand, and if the province is willing and able to set up and procure the conditions of safety and stability9. A wellness systems approach to the design, execution, monitoring and rating of wellness services is the recommended attack and model for forming wellness services in conflict state of affairss and catastrophe response. This attack ensures that precedence wellness demands are identified and met in an efficient and effectual mode. Health systems are organized into six operational ‘building blocks'- service bringing, wellness work force, information, medical merchandises and engineerings, funding, and leading & A ; governance10.Essential wellness services in a Conflict EnvironmentEssential wellness services are preventative and healing wellness services that are appropriate to turn to the wellness demands of population. In a struggle zone and mass casualty state of affairss these include intercessions that are most effectual in forestalling and cut downing extra morbidity and mortality. The decease rates can be highly high and designation of the major causes of morbidity and morta lity is of import to plan appropriate services. Progress made in reacting to the health-care demands of conflict-affected populations in recent decennaries, has been compromised by shrinking of the human-centered infinite – the countries in which civilians can seek shelter and assistance workers provide aid in safety. During the 1970s and 1980s, when direct armed clangs between rival provinces was the common face of an armed struggle the same was ‘aˆÂ ¦usually synonymous with overcrowded refugee cantonments sheltering immature populations from developing states. † These cantonments held ‘aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.refugee populations with infective diseases and malnutrition. ‘ This theoretical account does non turn to the complexness of present and future struggles. Intrastate struggles have increased the figure of internally displaced people, as refugee populations have bit by bit decreased. More than half of the refugees of concern to UNHCR live in urban countries, where supplying wellness attention is frequently complex11. The indispensable wellness services has criterions developed under ‘The Sphere Project ‘ for Prioritizing wellness services and Implementing Essential services. Prioritizing wellness services. Peoples must hold entree to wellness services that are prioritized to turn to the chief causes of extra mortality and morbidity.Supplying indispensable wellness servicesControl of catching diseases Detection and control of emerging infective diseases in struggle state of affairss are major challenges due to multiple hazard factors known to heighten outgrowth and transmittal of infective diseases. Child wellness Children acquire immunisation for rubeolas and everyday Immunization services. They must hold entree to precedence wellness services that are designed to turn to the major causes of newborn and childhood morbidity and mortality. Sexual and Generative wellness Peoples have entree to the precedence reproductive wellness services at the oncoming and comprehensive RH as the state of affairs stabilizes. Injury Peoples have entree to effectual hurt attention to minimise morbidity, mortality and disablement. Mental wellness Peoples have entree to wellness services that prevent or cut down mental wellness jobs and associated impaired operation. Non-communicable diseases. Increase in Non-communicable diseases is outstanding in struggle scenes and this form will likely go on as populations, age and incomes addition. Much extra morbidity and mortality consequences from the aggravation of diseases such as high blood pressure, diabetes and malignant neoplastic disease therefore ‘profoundly altering the demographics and disease load of conflict-affected populations ‘Health Programming in Post-Conflict Fragile StatesHealth attention scheduling is non wholly context particular, and there are a figure of commonalities12. The chief causes of morbidity and mortality in post-conflict provinces may non be specific diseases but struggle, political instability, hapless administration, low poorness, and so on. If this is so, so the of import issue is non what wellness plans should be implemented and how, but how wellness sector plans should be designed and implemented to lend to placing and deciding the political, societal, and economic drivers of breakability. The mortality study conducted in the Democratic Republic of Congo13 stated â€Å" decreases in petroleum mortality are closely associated with decreases in force and, by extension, betterments in security. . . † The survey concludes â€Å" these tendencies. . .provide obliging grounds that betterments in security represent possibly the most effectual agencies to cut down extra mortality. † Table1. Democratic Republic of Congo-Deaths per 10,000 per day13 Crude mortality rate ( 95 % CI ) Under-5 mortality rate ( 95 % CI ) Health zones describing force 3.0 ( 2.6-3.4 ) 6.4 ( 5.7-7.2 ) Health zones non describing force 1.7 ( 1.5-1.9 ) 3.1 ( 2.7-3.5 ) Health plans may be of import in the post-conflict scene non because they lower the load of disease, but because they lower the degree of tenseness within a society and cut down the bad struggle recidivism14. USAID ‘s Fragile States Strategy15 has four precedences: enhance stableness ; better security ; promote reform throughout countries of administration ; and develop institutional capacity. Health plans are planned in all countries of precedence. Enhance stableness Health plans can heighten stableness by concentrating on beginnings of breakability eg ; where breakability is a due to marginalisation of certain cultural groups, increasing societal services to these groups tends to do contribute to peace. Peace Dividend Specific wellness sector intercessions that provide first-class support of the alleged peace dividend ( short-run, high-impact activities, linked to long-run structural reform ) are childhood inoculation plan. Such actions may non be the most effectual manner for presenting wellness services, but establishes legitimacy foremost to cover with effectivity subsequently. The Equity Issue Racial, socio-economic, and cultural wellness disparities due to unjust distribution of wellness services are seen in many states. In a geographic zone of a state that benefited, before and during the struggle, from wellness service bringing to a greater extent than other, the â€Å" new † authorities might make up one's mind to give the â€Å" rich persons † more, to be able to supply services more equitably in the hereafter. Measurement and Monitoring Donors, authorities, and civil society must make up one's mind together on clear and actionable monitoring. Challenges for Donors There is an addition in the rift between the alleviation and the development sides of giver bureaus, with relief-funding being higher than development-funding. A bead in post-conflict wellness sector support must be addressed for a smooth fiscal passage. Structuring Health Servicess Due to inadequate human resources in most post-conflict states, and it is hard to present wellness services. The current tendency in giver scheduling in post-conflict scenes seems to be to go forth wellness sector direction to the populace sector, but to let for private sector bringing of wellness services. Contracting is one manner of making this and is being tried in a figure of states.DecisionConflicts cause non merely deceases and hurts, but effects such as displaced populations, the dislocation of wellness and societal services, and disease transmittal besides take a toll on public health16. â€Å" aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . Armed conflicts history for more decease and disablement than many major diseases combined. It destroys households, communities, and sometimes whole civilizations. It directs scarce resources off from wellness and other human services, and frequently destroys the substructure for these services†¦ . Yet, despite all of these eff ects on human wellness and well-beingaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . ( these facets ) have non been adequately covered in their professional instruction. â€Å" 17Public wellness professionals must develop the grounds base for public wellness and human-centered intercessions during and after struggles. Those responsible for supplying exigency alleviation demand to increase their cognition, preparation and expertness ; more informations must be made available to increase the answerability of alleviation attempts to the affected populations and to givers ; and research on the impact of assistance on the continuance, magnitude or result of struggles is needed.18